Example Problem of Enthalpy Change of a Reaction

Example Problem of Enthalpy Change of a Reaction This example problem shows how to find the enthalpy for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Enthalpy Review You may wish to review the Laws of Thermochemistry and Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions before you begin. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property that is the sum of the internal energy that is added to a system and the product of its pressure and volume. Its a measure of the systems capacity to release heat and perform non-mechanical work. In equations, enthalpy is denoted by the capital letter H, while specific enthalpy is lowercase h. Its units are usually joules, calories, or BTUs. The change in enthalpy is directly proportional to the number of reactants and products, so you work this type of problem using the change in enthalpy for the reaction or by calculating it from the heats of formation of the reactants and products and then multiplying this value times the actual quantity (in moles) of material that is present. Enthalpy Problem Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following thermochemical reaction:H2O2(l) → H2O(l) 1/2 O2(g); ΔH -98.2 kJCalculate the change in enthalpy, ΔH, when 1.00 g of hydrogen peroxide decomposes. Solution This sort of problem is solved by using a table to look up the change in enthalpy  unless its given to you (as it is here).  The thermochemical equation tells us that ΔH  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹for the decomposition of 1 mole of H2O2 is -98.2 kJ, so this relationship can be used as a conversion factor. Once you know the change in enthalpy, you need to know the number of moles of the relevant compound to calculate the answer.  Using the Periodic Table  to add up the masses of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in hydrogen peroxide, you find  the molecular mass of H2O2 is 34.0 (2 x 1 for hydrogen 2 x 16 for oxygen), which means that 1 mol H2O2 34.0 g H2O2. Using these values: ΔH 1.00 g H2O2 x 1 mol H2O2 / 34.0 g H2O2 x -98.2 kJ / 1 mol H2O2ΔH -2.89 kJ Answer The change in enthalpy, ΔH, when 1.00 g of hydrogen peroxide decomposes -2.89 kJ Its a good idea to check your work to make sure the conversion factors all cancel out to leave you with an answer in energy units. The most common error made in the calculation is accidentally switching the numerator and denominator of a conversion factor. The other pitfall is significant figures. In this problem, the change in enthalpy and mass of sample both were given using 3 significant figures, so the answer should be reported using the same number of digits.

The Bog Bodies of Europe - Archeological Finds

The Bog Bodies of Europe - Archeological Finds The term bog bodies (or bog people) is used to refer to human burials, some likely sacrificed, placed within peat bogs of Denmark, Germany, Holland, Britain, and Ireland and naturally mummified. The highly acidic peat acts as a remarkable preservative, leaving the clothing and skin intact, and creating poignant and memorable images of people of the past. The reason that bogs permit a high level of preservation is because they are both acidic and anaerobic (oxygen-poor). When a body is thrown into a bog, the cold water will hinder putrefaction and insect activity. Sphagnum mosses and the presence of tannin add to the preservation by having anti-bacterial properties. The total number of bodies pulled from European bogs is unknown, partly because they were were first rediscovered in the 17th century and records are shaky. Estimates range wildly between about 200 to 700. The oldest bog body is Koelbjerg Woman, recovered from a peat bog in Denmark. the most recent dates to about 1000 AD. Most of the bodies were placed in the bogs during the European Iron Age and Roman period, between about 800 BC and AD 200. Bog Bodies Denmark: Grauballe Man, Tollund Man, Huldre Fen Woman, Egtved Girl, Trundholm Sun Chariot (not a body, but from a Danish bog all the same) Germany: Kayhausen Boy UK: Lindow Man Ireland: Gallagh Man Dont forget to try your hand at the Bog Body Quiz Sources and Recommended Reading Coles, Byrony and Coles, John. 1989. People of the Wetlands: Bogs, Bodies and Lake-Dwellers. London, Thames and Hudson.Glob, Peter Vilhelm. 2004[1965]. The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved. New York Review of Books, New York.Lynnerup, Niels 2007 Mummies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 50:162-190.Sanders, Karin. 2009. Bodies in the Bog and the Archaeological Imagination. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. ISBN 13:978-0-226-73404-0 (cloth). 233 pages, plus 82 pages of notes, bibliography and index; 63 black and white photographs.